What are ICTs

What are ICTs and what types of ICTs are commonly used in education?

ICTs stand for information and communication technologies and are defined, for the purposes of this primer, as a “diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, dis- seminate, store, and manage information.”4 These technologies include computers, the Internet, broad- casting technologies (radio and television), and telephony.

In recent years there has been a groundswell of interest in how computers and the Internet can best be harnessed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of education at all levels and in both formal and non-formal settings. But ICTs are more than just these technologies; older technologies such as the telephone, radio and television, although now given less attention, have a longer and richer history as instructional tools.5 For instance, radio and television have for over forty years been used for open and distance learning, although print remains the cheapest, most accessible and therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in both developed and developing countries.6 The use of computers and the Internet is still in its infancy in developing countries, if these are used at all, due to limited infrastruc- ture and the attendant high costs of access.

Moreover, different technologies are typically used in combination rather than as the sole delivery mechanism. For instance, the Kothmale Community Radio Internet uses both radio broadcasts and computer and Internet technologies to facilitate the sharing of information and provide educational opportunities in a rural community in Sri Lanka.7 The Open University of the United Kingdom (UKOU), established in 1969 as the first educational institution in the world wholly dedicated to open and dis- tance learning, still relies heavily on print-based materials supplemented by radio, television and, in recent years, online programming.8 Similarly, the Indira Gandhi National Open University in India com- bines the use of print, recorded audio and video, broadcast radio and television, and audioconferenc- ing technologies.9

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)—which include radio and television, as well as newer digital technologies such as computers and the Internet—have been touted as potentially pow- erful enabling tools for educational change and reform. When used appropriately, different ICTs are said to help expand access to education, strengthen the relevance of education to the increasingly dig- ital workplace, and raise educational quality by, among others, helping make teaching and learning into an engaging, active process connected to real life.

GMUN GENERAL ASSEMBLY four committees and core areas

The more flexible framework of the Summit complements the aims of the of Civilizations: to find new approaches to address pressing issues on the United Nations agenda. To be able to discuss the topics related to the Alliance of Civilizations outside of the Main Committees of the General Assembly, the Summit provides a great opportunity for Member States to work towards extraordinary and innovative outcomes.

In a Summit, the Main Committees of the General Assembly do not necessarily meet, but negotiations could be centered around 

specific round tables or working groups. The negotiations during the Summit “Towards an Alliance of Civilizations –

 Bridging Cultures to achieve Peace and Development” will be structured into four committees:

1. Committee on Education Policies towards Multicultural Awareness and Global Citizenship (A/GMUN/2/1); 

2. Committee on the Global Information Society: Removing Barriers and strengthening cultural Dialogue (A/GMUN/2/2);

3. Committee on Cultural Dimensions of Human Security (A/GMUN/2/3);

4. Committee on Forging Alliances towards Peace and Security (A/GMUN/2/4).

The work of the Alliance is centered around the core areas of youth, migration, media, and education. This will also encourage Members States to seek concrete solutions and initiatives on the issues at hand; however, discussions and negotiations are not limited to these core areas. The final goal is, furthermore, to creatively rethink the current systems and structures for dealing with pressing global issues in original, innovative, but also practical and policy-relevant terms.

4. This is a new way of addressing agenda items, and it is hoped that creativity and openness in debate will inspire a truly groundbreaking Summit Outcome Document. Delegates are encouraged to fully embody the ideals and values of the United Nations, and especially those of the General Assembly, in pursuing open, transparent and multilateral discussions – in which all Member States contribute equally.

The more flexible framework of the Summit complements the aims of the

Amendments Process

Amendments.  

The amendment process is used to strengthen consensus on a resolution by allowing delegates to change certain sections of the resolution.  At UNA-USA MUN there are two types of amendments: friendly and unfriendly.  

• Friendly amendment.  A friendly amendment is a change to the resolution that all sponsors feel is appropriate.  The amendment must be signed by all of the sponsors, and approved by the Director.  After this, the amendment is automatically incorporated into the resolution. 
• Unfriendly amendment.  An unfriendly amendment is an amendment that the sponsors of the resolution do not support.  In this case, the author/s of the proposed amendment must obtain the same number of signatures as they would need for a working paper.  After the appropriate number of signatures has been obtained, the Director must approve the amendment.  Unfriendly amendments are voted on in order of severity (established at the discretion of the Chair).  

Once the debate is closed and the body moves into formal voting procedure, the draft resolution(s) and unfriendly amendments, if any, are voted upon in the order determined by the Chair.

Sample of an amendment Committee: G.A. Third Committee – Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Subject: Strengthening U.N. Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance Sponsors: France, Romania, and Poland Signatories: Togo, Australia, Fiji, Brazil, St. Lucia, Viet Nam, New Zealand, Pakistan, Kuwait and Argentina Add as the final operative clause… Requests the expansion of preventive actions and assurance of post conflict assistance though reconstruction and development.

 *Note: Amendment sheets will be provided for delegates to follow when drafting them during 

sessions. 

Voting
After closure of debate, draft resolutions are voted upon in the order that they were received. 

At UNA-USA MUN, more than one draft resolution can be passed by a committee. 

Resolution Submission Process

Resolution Submission Process

Step 1

One or more delegates write a working paper.  The authors of a working paper, also known as the sponsor(s), then obtain a required number of signatures, which equals 10% of the delegations present in the specific committee.  After roll call for each meeting, the Chair will notify the delegates of the exact number of signatures needed. 

Step 2

The sponsor(s) take the working paper to the Director, who approves the working paper only if:

1. It is in proper format, does not contain a substantial number of mistakes, and is legible if handwritten; 
2. It carries the required number of signatures; 
3. It is in character for the sponsor(s); and 
4. Its subject matter and proposed actions are within the power of the respective committee or organ. 

If any of those conditions are not met, the Director returns the working paper to the sponsor(s) explaining his or her reasons. Once the working paper has been approved by the Director, it is sent to Conference Services for copying. After the working paper has been copied, it will be given to the sponsors, so they may distribute it in the committee. There is no formal time for introducing working papers. Rather, they are introduced via the speakers list and yields. Only approved working papers can be referred to by the delegates on the floor. 

Step 3

Copies are returned to the sponsor(s) and the committee. Debate on the ideas contained in the working paper continues. At this stage, as the sponsor(s) are building support for their proposals, two or more working papers are frequently combined and specific clauses are changed, added or deleted. 

Once the changes have been incorporated and the working paper is (re)typed, the sponsor(s) obtain the new required number of signatures, which equals 20% of the delegations present in the specific committee. After roll call for each session, the Chair will notify the delegates of the exact number of signatures needed. 

Step 4

Sponsor(s) take the working paper to the Director. If the conditions outlined under step two are met, and there are no other working papers circulating which are similar in substance, the Director approves it. He/she then assigns it a number and a priority, and sends it to Conference Services for final copying. At this point, the working paper can now be referred to as a draft resolution. 

Note that the Director may, in the interest of time and/or if the committee is nearing the closure of debate on a certain agenda item, proceed directly to Step 4. However, all of the relevant conditions outlined in Steps 1-3 have to be met by the sponsor(s). 

Step 5

Copies are distributed to all delegates. Sponsor(s) are given the floor to introduce the document as a draft resolution. They may also get on the speakers list and/or have time yielded to them in order to answer questions about the draft resolution.

Final refinement of the draft resolution in regular debate occurs through friendly amendments, which are submitted by the sponsor(s) and automatically incorporated into the text. Should there be significant changes at this time, the Director may decide to proceed again from Step 4. 

Sample Resolution Paper

Sample Resolution

Committee: Topic: Sponsors: Signatories:

G.A. Third Committee – Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Strengthening U.N. Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance United States, Austria, Italy Greece, Japan, Canada, Mali, the Netherlands, Costa Rica, Belgium, United Kingdom, India and Gabonal

The General Assembly,

Reminding all nations of the celebration of the 50^th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which recognizes the inherent dignity, equality, and inalienable rights of all global citizens,  

USE Commas to separate Preambulatory Clauses & Underline the first word or phrase

Reaffirming resolution 33/1996 of 25 July 1996, which encourages governments to work with established U.N. bodies aimed at improving the coordination and effectiveness of humanitarian assistance, 

Noting with satisfaction the past efforts of various relevant U.N. bodies and Non-Governmental Organizations, 

1. Encourages all relevant agencies of the United Nations to collaborate more closely with countries at the grassroots level to enhance relief efforts;  

USE semicolons to separate operative clauses and Number & Underline the first word or phrase 

1. Urges member states to comply with the goals of the U.N. Department of Humanitarian Affairs to streamline efforts of humanitarian aid; 
2. Requests that all nations develop rapid deployment forces to better enhance the coordination of relief efforts and humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies; 
3. Calls for the development of a United Nations Trust Fund that encourages voluntary donation from the private transnational sector to aid in the funding of rapid deployment forces. 

END resolution with a period 

Country assignment and topics

Country:                          Committee:                       Student:

Russia                              Humanitarian                    Estrella

 Russia                             Social / Economic              Xally     

Russia                              General Assembly         Yulia

Russia                              Security council               Stephany 

China                              Humanitarian                    David

China                              Social / Economic             Laura 

                     

China                             Security Council                Annai 

South Korea                   Humanitarian                    Vanessa

South Korea                  Social / Economic              Alondra

South Korea                  General Assembly             Perla

South Korea                    Security Council              Oscar

Vietnam                         Humanitarian                   Maria Fernanda

Vietnam                         Social / Economic            Ana

Vietnam                        General Assemble            Ilce


Vietnam                       Security Council                   Lorena

                                       

Humanitarian Topics:

1. Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance
2. Comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Program of action.

  Social / Economics Topics:

1. The situation of democracy and human rights in Haiti.
2. Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba.

Security Council topics:

1. Establishing of a nuclear-weapon-free-zone in the region of the Middle East.
2. b) Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction.

General Assembly Topics:

1. Social Networking, Citizen Engagement and Participation of Migrants Summit Format.
2. Approaches to address Conflict: New Opportunities in the Context of Global Civil Society.

Pre-ambulatory and Operative phrases

Here are some of the Pre-ambulatory, and Operative Phrases: (For an example on how to use these see example resolution below.)

Pre-ambulatory Phrases :

Accepting that
Expecting
Keeping in mind
Affirming
Expressing its appreciation
Noting with satisfaction
Alarmed by
Expressing its satisfaction
Noting with deep concern
Approving
Fulfilling
Noting further
Aware of
Fully aware
Noting with approval
Alarmed Observing
Fully believing
Noting
Believing Fully
Further deploring
Recognizing
Citing Further
Further recalling
Reaffirming
Concerned that
Gravely concerned
Recalling
But realizing
Having adopted
Realizing
Bearing in mind
Having considered
Referring by Seeking
Contemplating that
Having considered further
Taking into account
Convinced Guided
Having examined
Taking into consideration
Declaring
Having studied
Taking note
Deeply concerned
Having heard
Viewing with appreciation
Deeply conscious
Having received
Welcoming
Deeply disturbed
Whereas
Deeply regretting
Yet maintaining
Designating
Emphasizing

OPERATIVE PHRASES :

Accepts
Designates
Proclaims
Affirms

Emphasizes 
Reaffirms
Draws the attention.

Approves 
Encourages 
Recommends

Authorizes 
Endorses 
Reminds  

Be it resolved 
Regrets 
Calls

Expresses 
Requests
Calls upon  

Further invites
Resolves  
Condemns

Further proclaims
Solemnly affirms  

Congratulates
Further reminds
Strongly condemns

Confirms 
Further recommends
Supports Considers  

Further resolves
Trusts 
Further requests  

Have resolved
Takes note of 
Transmits

Notes
Urges 
Declares accordingly

Expresses its appreciation

What is a resolution paper

RESOLUTIONS

A resolution presents a problem in the world to solve and proposes a solution(s) to the problem. A nation or a group of nations in a committee submits resolutions where delegates debate for or against them. After debate is closed, they are voted on and either passed as is, passed with amendments, or rejected. Delegates often base their vote on their country's stance and policy, as well as the specifics of the resolution.

(This is where your research and focus on the resolution becomes important!)

A resolution is always in the form of one long sentence divided into two basic parts: The pre-ambulatory and operative sections. The pre-ambulatory section explains the problems using current events and past UN actions. The operative section states a proposed solution, often in many parts, to the problem. Each clause is preceded by a phrase. Scroll down for a sample resolution that is included to help give you a basic idea when writing resolutions for your committee.

GMUN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RULES

X. PLENARY MEETINGS       GMUN rules

                 

Conduct of business for THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ONLY

                  

Reference to committees

Rule 30

        The GMUN General Assembly shall not, unless it decides otherwise, make a final decision upon any item on the agenda until it has received the report of a committee on that item.

Discussion of reports of Main Committees

Rule 31

        Discussion of a report of a Main Committee in a plenary meeting of the GMUN General Assembly shall take place if at least one third of the members present and voting at the plenary meeting consider such a discussion to be necessary. Any proposal to this effect shall not be debated but shall be immediately put to the vote.

Quorum

Rule 32

        The President may declare a meeting open and permit the debate to proceed when at least one third of the members of the GMUN General Assembly are present. The presence of a majority of the members shall be required for any decision to be taken. The members of the GMUN General Assembly are defined in terms of the number of delegations that are participating in the Global Model UN conference which may at times be less than the full membership of the United Nations. In those instances the required number for a quorum and a majority will be determined by the number of participating delegations.

                    Speeches

Rule 33

        No representative may address the GMUN General Assembly without having previously obtained the permission of the President. The President shall call upon speakers in the order in which they signify their desire to speak. The President may call a speaker to order if his remarks are not relevant to the subject under discussion.

                        Precedence

Rule 34

        The Chairperson and the Rapporteur of a GMUN Main committee may be accorded precedence for the purpose of explaining the conclusions arrived at by their committee.

Statements by the Secretariat

Rule 35

        The GMUN Secretary-General, or a member of the Secretariat designated by him as his representative, may at any time make either oral or written statements to the GMUN General Assembly concerning any question under consideration by it.

Points of order

Rule 36

        During the discussion of any matter, a representative may rise to a point of order, and the point of order shall be immediately decided by the President in accordance with the rules of procedure. A representative may appeal against the ruling of the President. The appeal shall be immediately put to the vote, and the President’s ruling shall stand unless overruled by a majority of the members present and voting. A representative rising to a point of order may not speak on the substance of the matter under discussion.

Time limit on speeches

Rule 37

        The GMUN General Assembly may limit the time to be allowed to each speaker and the number of times each representative may speak on any question. Before a decision is taken, two representatives may speak in favour of, and two against, a proposal to set such limits. When the debate is limited and a representative exceeds his allotted time, the President shall call him to order without delay.

Closing of list of speakers, right of reply

Rule 38

        During the course of a debate, the President may announce the list of speakers and, with the consent of the GMUN General Assembly, declare the list closed. He may, however, accord the right of reply to any member if a speech delivered after he has declared the list closed makes this desirable.

Adjournment of debate

Rule 39

        During the discussion of any matter, a representative may move the adjournment of the debate on the item under discussion. In addition to the proposer of the motion, two representatives may speak in favour of, and two against, the motion, after which the motion shall be immediately put to the vote. The President may limit the time to be allowed to speakers under this rule.

Closure of debate

Rule 40

        A representative may at any time move the closure of the debate on the item under discussion, whether or not any other representative has signified his wish to speak. Permission to speak on the closure of the debate shall be accorded only to two speakers opposing the closure, after which the motion shall be immediately put to the vote. If the GMUN General Assembly is in favour of the closure, the President shall declare the closure of the debate. The President may limit the time to be allowed to speakers under this rule.

Suspension or adjournment of the meeting

Rule 41

        During the discussion of any matter, a representative may move the suspension or the adjournment of the meeting. Such motions shall not be debated but shall be immediately put to the vote. The President may limit the time to be allowed to the speaker moving the suspension or adjournment of the meeting.

Order of procedural motions

Rule 42

        Subject to rule 38, the motions indicated below shall have precedence in the following order over all other proposals or motions before the meeting:

        (a)   To suspend the meeting;

        (b)   To adjourn the meeting;

        (c)   To adjourn the debate on the item under discussion;

        (d)   To close the debate on the item under discussion.

Proposals and amendments

Rule 43

        Proposals and amendments shall normally be submitted in writing to the GMUN Secretary-General, who shall circulate copies to the delegations. As a general rule, no proposal shall be discussed or put to the vote at any meeting of the GMUN General Assembly unless copies of it have been circulated to all delegations not later than 12 hours before. The President may, however, permit the discussion and consideration of amendments, or of motions as to procedure, even though such amendments and motions have not been circulated or have only been circulated the same day.

Withdrawal of motions

Rule 44

        A motion may be withdrawn by its proposer at any time before voting on it has commenced, provided that the motion has not been amended. A motion thus withdrawn may be reintroduced by any member.

Voting

Voting rights

Rule 45

        Each member of the GMUN General Assembly shall have one vote.

  Two-thirds majority

Rule 46

        Decisions of the GMUN General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members, and budgetary questions.

Rule 47

        Decisions of the GMUN General Assembly on amendments to proposals relating to important questions, and on parts of such proposals put to the vote separately, shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting.

Simple majority

Rule 48

        Decisions of the GMUN General Assembly on questions other than those provided for in rule 46, including the determination of additional categories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds majority, shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.

Meaning of the phrase “members present and voting”

Rule 49

        For the purposes of these rules, the phrase “members present and voting” means members casting an affirmative or negative vote. Members which abstain from voting are considered as not voting.

Method of voting

Rule 50

        (a)   The GMUN General Assembly shall normally vote by show of hands or by standing, but any representative may request a roll-call. The roll-call shall be taken in the English alphabetical order of the names of the members, beginning with the member whose name is drawn by lot by the President. The name of each member shall be called and one of its representatives shall reply “yes”, “no” or “abstention”. The result of the voting shall be inserted in the record in the English alphabetical order of the names of the members.

        (b)   When the GMUN General Assembly votes by mechanical means, a non-recorded vote shall replace a vote by show of hands or by standing and a recorded vote shall replace a roll-call vote. Any representative may request a recorded vote. In the case of a recorded vote, the GMUN General Assembly shall, unless a representative requests otherwise, dispense with the procedure of calling out the names of the members; nevertheless, the result of the voting shall be inserted in the record in the same manner as that of a roll-call vote.

Conduct during voting

Rule 51

        After the President has announced the beginning of voting, no representative shall interrupt the voting except on a point of order in connection with the actual conduct of the voting. The President may permit members to explain their votes, either before or after the voting, except when the vote is taken by secret ballot. The President may limit the time to be allowed for such explanations. The President shall not permit the proposer of a proposal or of an amendment to explain his vote on his own proposal or amendment.

Division of proposals and amendments

Rule 52

        A representative may move that parts of a proposal or of an amendment should be voted on separately. If objection is made to the request for division, the motion for division shall be voted upon. Permission to speak on the motion for division shall be given only to two speakers in favour and two speakers against. If the motion for division is carried, those parts of the proposal or of the amendment which are approved shall then be put to the vote as a whole. If all operative parts of the proposal or of the amendment have been rejected, the proposal or the amendment shall be considered to have been rejected as a whole.

Voting on amendments

Rule 53

        When an amendment is moved to a proposal, the amendment shall be voted on first. When two or more amendments are moved to a proposal, the GMUN General Assembly shall first vote on the amendment furthest removed in substance from the original proposal and then on the amendment next furthest removed therefrom, and so on until all the amendments have been put to the vote. Where, however, the adoption of one amendment necessarily implies the rejection of another amendment, the latter amendment shall not be put to the vote. If one or more amendments are adopted, the amended proposal shall then be voted upon. A motion is considered an amendment to a proposal if it merely adds to, deletes from or revises part of the proposal. All amendments shall be submitted to the Chairperson in writing before being announced on the floor.

Voting on proposals

Rule 54

        If two or more proposals relate to the same question, the GMUN General Assembly shall, unless it decides otherwise, vote on the proposals in the order in which they have been submitted. The GMUN General Assembly may, after each vote on a proposal, decide whether to vote on the next proposal. All proposals shall be submitted to the Chairperson in writing before being announced on the floor.

Elections

Rule 55

        All elections for the GMUN General Committee and Main Committees shall be held by secret ballot.

Rule 56

        When two or more elective places in the GMUN General Committee are to be filled at one time under the same conditions, those candidates obtaining in the first ballot the majority required shall be elected. If the number of candidates obtaining such majority is less than the number of persons or Members to be elected, there shall be additional ballots to fill the remaining places, the voting being restricted to the two candidates per elective place and the candidate obtaining the majority on the second shall be elected.

Equally divided votes

Rule 57

        If a vote is equally divided on matters other than elections, the President shall decide if a second vote shall be taken and at what time. If a second vote is not taken or a second vote is taken and this vote also results in equality, the proposal shall be regarded as rejected.

MUN SPEAKING TIPS

How to make an opening speech

1. First, you should thank the presiding official by saying "Thank you Mr./ Madame/ Honorable Chair/ President…"

1. Then begin by providing a brief history on the issue as it relates to your country.
2. Speak about how the issue is currently affecting your country.

1. Provide your country's position on the issue. Include an explanation for your country’s stance, such as economic or security concerns or political or religious ideology.

1. You may choose to give an explanation of how your country's position relates to the positions of other member states such as the major powers or countries in your regional bloc.

1. You should discuss some of the past actions taken by the UN, member states and NGOs to address the issue.
2. Present ideas for a resolution, stressing your country’s objectives for the resolution.

1. Talk about the role that NGOs or regional organizations have to play in addressing the issue.
2. Indicate to the committee members whether your country is willing to negotiate.

How to make speech during debate

1. Again, you should thank the presiding official by saying "Thank you Mr./ Madame/ Honorable Chair/ President…"

1. Encourage collaboration among member states by proposing ways that your country would be willing to work with other member states.

1. By referencing what other delegates have said, you can show support for your allies or indicate which proposals your country does not favor.

1. Present ideas for draft resolutions.
2. Explain why your country does or does not support other draft resolutions.

Public Speaking Tips

1. Prepare: Decide how you feel most comfortable delivering your speech. You may choose to use your position paper text as your opening speech or you may write out some key points. In time, you may feel comfortable speaking without any written notes at all. If you plan to use a word or phrase that is unfamiliar to you, make sure you learn its meaning and how to pronounce it properly.
2. Practice: Rehearsing your speech is the best way to perfect your public speaking skills. Try practicing in front of a teacher, a parent, or fellow Model UNers from your class or club. When you listen to a speech, provide 

RULES OF PROCEDURES

Basic Rules and Procedures (Short Version)

NO.	RULE	SPEAKERS (for/against)	VOTE	APPEAL	COMMENTS
Points
14	Point of Personal Privilege	n/a	n/a	n/a	In order at any time used; used when a delegate is unable to participate in committee business.
15	Point of Order	n/a	n/a	n/a	In order at any time, but able to interrupt a speaker only when the speech itself is not in order.
16	Point of Information	n/a	n/a	no	Speaker must yield to question. Only speakers answers will count against remaining time. Number of questions allowed up to Chair.
17	Point of Parliamentary Inquiry	n/a	n/a	n/a	In order only when floor is open. Questions about Parliamentary Procedure should be addressed to the Moderator.
Motions relating to speeches (in order during substantive debate)
18	Right of Reply	n/a	n/a	no	If granted, member receiving right to reply may speak immediately.
19	Comments	n/a	n/a	no	Not in order during debate on procedural motions and only in order for substantive speech if no yields are made.
20	Closure/Reopening of Speakers Lists	2/2	1/2	yes	Only applies to speakers lists on substantive matters.
Motions relating to the meeting (in order when the floor is open)
21/22	Caucus/ Moderated Caucus	none	1/2	no	Motion requires purpose and time limit; time may not exceed 30 minutes for caucus and 15 minutes for moderated caucus.
23	Suspension/ Adjournment of Meeting	none	1/2	no	May be ruled out of order by Chair and not subject to appeal.
Motions relating to substantive issues (in order during substantive debate)
31/32	Introduction of Proposal/ Withdrawal of Proposal	sponsors	n/a	n/a	Procedural speeches-no comments permitted. Signatories not required for withdrawal.
33	Reconsideration of Proposal	2/2	2/3	yes	Motion must be made by delegate who voted with the majority.
24	Postponement/ Resumption of Debate	2/2	2/3	yes	If debate is postponed, then topic is tabled without further action until later motions. To resume debate on a topic, a motion to Set the Agenda must be made during Adoption of the Agenda.
25	Closure of Debate	0/2	2/3	yes	Closes debate on substantive matter. If passed, speakers list is closed and committee moves into voting.
Motions relating to the agenda (in order during setting the agenda)
10	Competence	2/2	1/2	no	Not applicable to provisional agenda items.
9	Adoption of Agenda	2/2	1/2	n/a	Procedural debate - no comments or yields.
Motions relating to voting (in order during voting procedure)
35	Order of Voting	2/2	1/2	yes	Two-tiered vote: on whether to order, and then on suggested order. Any suggested order requires 50%+1 to pass.
37	Division of the Question	0/0	1/2	yes	Accept proposed divisions. Vote on suggested division, and then on whether to include.
38	Important Question	none	1/2	no	Chair must decide if resolution falls into 1 of 5 important question categories. If so, then voted upon by committee. Resolutions re: important questions later require 2/3 majority to pass.
41	Roll Call Votes	n/a	n/a	yes	Delegates can vote Yes, Yes w/Rights, No, No w/Rights, Abstain, or Pass. Chair can decide whether granting Right is in order.
Motions with special precedence
26	Suspension of Rules	none	2/3	no	Delegate must specify which specific rules will be modified/discarded, the purpose, and the period. Chair must approve before vote.
27	Appeal Decision of the Chair	Chair	2/3	no	Chair defends ruling. Yes means upholding decision, No means overturned.